2-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS) is a highly active irritant widely used in law enforcement and military training. A key scientific achievement has been the identification of the TRPA1 receptor as the primary molecular target of CS. Recent structural studies of TRPA1 have revealed general principles of electrophilic activation, including a two-stage mechanism of covalent modification of critical cysteine residues that initiates global conformational changes with transmembrane domain rotation and pore diameter enlargement. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of CS action through TRPA1, clinical effects under various exposure conditions, environmental consequences of modified forms application, and biodegradation possibilities. CS demonstrates extraordinary potency with an EC 50 of 0.7-0.9 nM and species specificity for hTRPA1. Clinical data refute the concept of CS as a safe agent with transient effects. Post- exposure consequences include skin lesions in 61% of cases, ocular injuries in 57%, and respiratory system involvement in 40%, with variable symptom duration ranging from minutes to weeks and even years. Severe complications have been documented, including multisystem hypersensitivity, reactive bronchospasm, and dermatitis, particularly during exposure in enclosed spaces. Modified forms CS1 and CS2 are characterized by increased environmental stability and the ability to cause repeated injuries 2 months after application. CS exerts toxic effects on microorganisms, including probiotic bacteria and microalgae. Microalgae Chlorella sp. demonstrate the ability to biodegrade unmodified CS. Widespread use of CS in military operations on Ukrainian territory by the aggressor state necessitates the development of effective neutralization strategies and treatment methods.