Attention is focused on the current relevance of scientific re- search initiated at the O.O. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology on the study of hypoxia and the physiology of extreme effects of environmental factors on the body. The continuation of the development of such areas is carried out with the participation of specialists in extreme activities (divers, Antarctic winterers). The results of the research deepen the understanding of the role of hypoxia in the pathogenesis of maladaptive disorders due to the negative impact of extreme factors in hyperbaric and Antarctic conditions. As a result of the stressful effect of a complex of environmental factors, changes occur at all levels of the functional organization of the body, including the psychological and psycho-emotional components. The consequences of hyperbaric stress and extreme Antarctic con- ditions, in a certain way, model post-traumatic stress disorders (stress, neurological and metabolic disorders), which opens up an additional opportunity to study the mechanisms of pathol- ogy development and develop technologies for bioregulatory correction of psychophysiological disorders.