Українська English

ISSN 2522-9028 (Print)
ISSN 2522-9036 (Online)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/fz

Fiziologichnyi Zhurnal

is a scientific journal issued by the

Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Editor-in-chief: V.F. Sagach

The journal was founded in 1955 as
1955 – 1977 "Fiziolohichnyi zhurnal" (ISSN 0015 – 3311)
1978 – 1993 "Fiziologicheskii zhurnal" (ISSN 0201 – 8489)
1994 – 2016 "Fiziolohichnyi zhurnal" (ISSN 0201 – 8489)
2017 – "Fiziolohichnyi zhurnal" (ISSN 2522-9028)

Fiziol. Zh. 2017; 63(5): 70-79

POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF THYROIDITIS AND PAPILLARY CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID GLAND

T.M. Myshunina, M.D. Tronko

    State Institution «V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of AMS of Ukraine», Kyiv, Ukraine
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/fz63.05.070


Abstract

The review analyzes the influence of environmental factors, as well as possible cross-molecular-biological, hormonal, histological and immunological mechanisms that lead to the appearance of papillary carcinoma and the accompanying chronic autoimmune thyroiditis.

Keywords: Papillary carcinoma; chronic thyroiditis; extratumoral thyroid tissue.

Full text: (PDF, in Ukrainian)

References

  1. Krátký J, Jiskra J. Autoimmune thyroiditis and thyroid cancer. Vnitr Lek. 2015 Fall; 61(10): 878-81.
    2.  
  2. Anand A, Singh K, Kushwaha J, Hussain N, Sonkar A. Papillary Thyroid Cancer and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: An Association Less Understood. Indian J Surg Oncol. 2014; 5(3): 199-204. doi: 10.1007/s13193-014-0325-4. CrossRef  
  3. Girardi F, Barra M, Zettler C. Papillary thyroid carcinoma: does the association with Hashimoto's thyroiditis affect the clinicopathological characteristics of the disease? Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2015; 81(3): 283-7. doi:10.1016/j.bjorl.2014.04.006. CrossRef  
  4. Lee J, Kim Y, Choi J, Kim Y: The association between papillary thyroid carcinoma and histologically proven Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168: 343-9 doi: 10.1530/EJE-12-0903. CrossRef  
  5. Noureldine S, Tufano R. Association of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2015;27 (1): 21-5. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000000150. CrossRef  
  6. Nam H, Lee H, Park G. Impact of co-existent thyroiditis on clinical outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma with high preoperative serum antithyroglobulin antibody: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Otolaryngol. 2016; 41(4): 358-64. doi: 10.1111/coa.12520. CrossRef  
  7. Jeong J, Kim H, Lee C, Park S, Park J, Kang S, Jeong J, Nam K, Chung W, Park C. Coexistence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis with papillary thyroid carcinoma: clinical manifestation and prognostic outcome. J Korean Med Sci. 2012; 27(8): 883-9. doi: 10.3346/ jkms.2012.27.8.883.
    8.  
  8. Paulson L, Shindo M, Schuff K. Role of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in central node metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012; 147(3): 444-9. doi: 10.1177/0194599812445727. CrossRef  
  9. Kim S, Lee B, Lee J, Kim S, Jeon Y, Kim M, Huh J, Mok J, Kim B, Kim Y, Kim I. Coexistence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with papillary thyroid carcinoma: the influence of lymph node metastasis. Head Neck. 2011; 33(9): 1272-7. doi: 10.1002/hed.21594. CrossRef  
  10. Grani G, Calvanese A, Carbotta G, D'Alessandri M, Nesca A, Bianchini M, Del Sordo M, Vitale M, Fumarola A. Thyroid autoimmunity and risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules submitted to fine-needle aspiration cytology. Head Neck. 2015; 37: 260-4. doi: 10.1002/hed.23587. CrossRef  
  11. Jankovic B, Le K, Hershman J. Clinical Review: Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinoma: is there a correlation? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 98(2): 474-82. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-2978. CrossRef  
  12. Anil C, Goksel S, Gursoy A. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is not associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules: a single-center prospective study.  Thyroid. 2010; 20: 601-6. doi: 10.1089/thy.2009.0450. CrossRef  
  13. Jara S, Carson K, Pai S, Agrawal N, Richmon J, Prescott J, Dackiw A, Zeiger M, Bishop J, Tufano R. The relationship between chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and central neck lymph node metastasis in North American patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 2013; 154(6): 1272-80; doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.07.021. CrossRef  
  14. Bircan H, Koc B, Akarsu C, Demiralay E, Demirag A, Adas M, Alis H, Kemik O. Is Hashimoto's thyroiditis a prognostic factor for thyroid papillary microcarcinoma? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014; 18(13): 1910-5.
    15.  
  15. Zhang Y, Ma X, Deng F, Liu Z, Wei H, Wang X, Chen H. The effect of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis on patients with thyroid cancer. World J Surg Oncol. 2014; 12: 277. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-277. CrossRef  
  16. Yu Y., Zhang J., Lu G., Li T., Zhang Y., Yu N., Gao Y., Gao Y., Guo X. Clinical relationship between IgG4-positive Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016; 101(4): 1516-24. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3783/.
    17.  
  17. Farrell E, Heffron C, Murphy M, O'Leary G, Sheahan P. Impact of lymphocytic thyroiditis on incidence of pathological incidental thyroid carcinoma. Head Neck. 2017; 39(1): 122-7. doi: 10.1002/hed.24544. CrossRef  
  18. Chen Y, Lin C, Cheng F, Sung F, Kao C. Cancer risk in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a nationwide cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2013; 109(9): 2496-501. doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.597. CrossRef  
  19. Lun Y, Wu X, Xia Q, Han Y, Zhang X, Liu Z, Wang F, Duan Z, Xin S, Zhang J. Hashimoto's thyroiditis as a risk factor of papillary thyroid cancer may improve cancer prognosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;148 (3): 396-402. doi: 10.1177/0194599812472426. CrossRef  
  20. Liu C, Cheng S, Lin H, Lai Y. Risk of thyroid cancer in patients with thyroiditis: a population-based cohort study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014; 21(3): 843-9. doi: 10.1245/ s10434-013-3363-1.
    21.  
  21. Mardente S, Zicari A, Consorti F, Mari E, Di Vito M, Leopizzi M, Della Rocca C, Antonaci A. Cross-talk between NO and HMGB1 in lymphocytic thyroiditis and papillary thyroid cancer. Oncol Rep. 2010; 24(6): 1455-61. CrossRef PubMed
    22.  
  22. Muzza M, Degl'Innocenti D, Colombo C, Perrino M, Ravasi E, Rossi S, Cirello V, Beck-Peccoz P, Borrello MG, Fugazzola L. The tight relationship between papillary thyroid cancer, autoimmunity and inflammation: clinical and molecular studies. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010; 72(5): 702-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03699.x. CrossRef  
  23. Azizi G, Malchoff C. Autoimmune thyroid disease: a risk factor for thyroid cancer. Endocrine Practice. 2011; 17: 201–209. doi:10.4158/EP10123.OR. CrossRef  
  24. Fiore E, Rago T, Latrofa F, Provenzale MA, Piaggi P, Delitala A, Scutari M, Basolo F, Di Coscio G, Grasso L, Pinchera A, Vitti P. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma: role of TSH and of treatment with Lthyroxine. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2011; 18(4): 429–37. doi: 10.1530/ERC-11-002.
    25.  
  25. Zhang L, Li H, Ji Q, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Huang C, Shen Q, Li D, Wu Y. The clinical features of papillary thyroid cancer in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients from an area with a high prevalence of Hashimoto's disease. BMC Cancer. 2012; 12: 610. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-610. CrossRef  
  26. Ehlers M, Schott M. Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary thyroid cancer: are they immunologically linked? Trends Endocrinol Metabol. 2014; 25: 656–664. Available http:. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2014.09.001.
    27.  
  27. Yi J, Park J, Sung J, Kwak S, Yu J, Chang J, Kim J, Ha S, Paik E, Lee W, Kim S, Lee K, Kim J. Genomic evidence of reactive oxygen species elevation in papillary thyroid carcinoma with Hashimoto thyroiditis. Endocr J. 2015; 62(10):57-77. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ15-0234. CrossRef  
  28. Fiore E, Latrofa F, Vitti P. Iodine, thyroid autoimmunity and cancer. Eur Thyroid J. 2015; 4(1): 26-35. doi:10.1159/000371741. CrossRef  
  29. Mazokopakis E, Tzortzinis A, Dalieraki-Ott E, Tsartsalis A, Syros P, Karefilakis C, Papadomanolaki M, Starakis I. Coexistence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with papillary thyroid carcinoma. A retrospective study. Hormones. 2010; 9(4): 312-7. CrossRef PubMed
    30.  
  30. Matesa-Anić D, Matesa N, Dabelić N, Kusić Z. Coexistence of papillary carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Acta Clin Croat. 2009; 48(1): 9-12.
    31.  
  31. Konturek A, Barczyński M, Wierzchowski W, Stopa M, Nowak W. Coexistence of papillary thyroid cancer with Hashimoto thyroiditis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2013; 398(3): 389-94. doi: 10.1007/s00423-012-1021-x. CrossRef  
  32. Zhu F, Shen Y, Li F, Fang Y, Hu L, Wu Y. The Effects of Hashimoto Thyroiditis on Lymph Node Metastases in Unifocal and Multifocal Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Retrospective Chinese Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016; 95(6): e2674. doi: 10.1097/ MD.0000000000002674.
    33.  
  33. Oh C-M, Park S, Lee J, Won Y-J, Shin A, Kong H-J, Choi K-S, Lee Y, Chung K-W, Jung K- W. Increased Prevalence of Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis in Korean Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(6): e99054. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099054. CrossRef  
  34. Elisei R, Molinaro E, Agate L, Bottici V, Masserini L, Ceccarelli C, Lippi F, Grasso L, Basolo F, Bevilacqua G, Miccoli P, Di Coscio G, Vitti P, Pacini F, Pinchera A. Are the clinical and pathological features of differentiated thyroid carcinoma really changed over the last 35 years? Study on 4187 patients from a single Italian institution to answer this question. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95: 1516-27. doi: 10,1210 / jc.2009-1.
    35.  
  35. Pagano L, Caputo M, Sama M, Garbaccio V, Zavattaro M, Mauri M, Prodam F, Marzullo P, Boldorini R, Valente G, Aimaretti G. Clinical-pathological changes in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) over time (1997–2010): data from the University Hospital ''Maggiore della Carita'' in Novara. Endocrine. 2012; 42: 382-90. doi: 10.1007 / s12020-012-9612-4.
    36.  
  36. Blomberg M, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Andersen K, Kjaer S. Thyroid cancer in Denmark 1943-2008, before and after iodine supplementation. Int J Cancer. 2012; 131: 2360-6. doi: 10.1007/s12020-012-9612-4. CrossRef  
  37. Dong W, Zhang H, Zhang P, Li X, He L, Wang Z, Liu Y. The changing incidence of thyroid carcinoma in Shenyang, China before and after universal salt iodization. Med Sci Monit. 2013; 19: 49–53. CrossRef PubMed PubMedCentral
    38.  
  38. Feldt-Rasmussen U, Rasmussen A. Autoimmunity in differentiated thyroid cancer: significance and related clinical problems. Hormones. 2010; 9(2): 109–17. CrossRef PubMed
    39.  
  39. Zhumadilov Z, Gusev B, Takada J, Hoshi M, Kimura A, Hayakawa N, Takeichi N. Thyroid abnormality trend over time in northeastern regions of Kazakhstan, adjacent to the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site: a case review of pathological findings for 7271 patients. J Radiat Res. 2000; 41: 35–44. CrossRef PubMed
    40.  
  40. Dinets A, Hulchiy M, Sofiadis A, Ghaderi M, Höög A, Larsson K, Zedenius J. Clinical, genetic, and immunohistochemical characterization of 70 Ukranian adults cases with post-Chornobyl papillary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012; 166: 1049-60. doi: 10,1530/EJE-12-0144.
    41.  
  41. Tronko M, Brenner A, Olijnyk V, Robbins J, Epstein O, McConnell R, Bogdanova T, Fink D, Likhtarev I, Lubin J, Markov V, Bouville A, Terekhova G, Zablotska L, Shpak V, Brill A, Tereshchenko V, Masnyk I, Ron E, Hatch M, Howe G. Autoimmune thyroiditis and exposure to iodine 131 in the Ukrainian cohort study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases after the Chornobyl accident: results from the first screening cycle (1998-2000). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91(11): 4344-51. CrossRef PubMed
    42.  
  42. Tronko M, Bogdanova T, Shpak V, Gulak L. Thyroid cancer in Ukraine during 1986–2014. Health effects of the Chornobyl Accident. Thirty years aftermath / Eds. D. Bazyka, V. Sushko, A. Chumak, V. Chumak, L. Yanovych. Kyiv: DIA, 2016. Chapter 5. 85-103.
    43.  
  43. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin D, Forman D, Bray, F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v 1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013. Available: http:.globocan.iarc.fr, accessed on day/month/year.
    44.  
  44. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998–2011. 2012. Available: http:.knhanes.cdc.go.kr.
    45.  
  45. Harach H, Escalante D, Day E. Thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in Salta, Argentina: a 40-yr study in relation to iodine prophylaxis. Endocr Pathol. 2002; 13: 175-81. CrossRef  
  46. Kim J, Moon S, Kim K, Sohn C, Oh J. Dietary iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion in normal Korean adults. Yonsei Med J. 1998; 39: 355-62. CrossRef PubMed
    47.  
  47. Michikawa T, Inoue M, Shimazu T, Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Yamaji T, Tsugane S. Seaweed consumption and the risk of thyroid cancer in women: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2012; 21: 254-60. doi: 10,1097/ CEJ.0b013e32834a8042.
    48.  
  48. Del Rio P, Cataldo S, Sommaruga L, Concione L, Arcuri M, Arcuri M, Sianesi M. The association between papillary carcinoma and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis: does it modify the prognosis of cancer? Minerva Endocrinol. 2008; 33: 1-5.
    49.  
  49. Cordioli M, Cury A, Nascimento A, Oliveira A, Mello M, Saieg M. Study of the histological profile of papillary thyroid carcinomas associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2013; 57(6): 445-9. CrossRef PubMed
    50.  
  50. Burstein D. Nagi C, Wang B, Unger P. Immunohistochemical detection of p53 homolog p63 in solid cell nests, papillary thyroid carcinoma, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a stem cell hypothesis of papillary carcinoma oncogenesis. Hum Pathol. 2004; 35(4): 465-73. CrossRef PubMed
    51.  
  51. Larson S, Jackson L, Riall T, Uchida T, Thomas R, Qiu S, Evers B. Increased incidence of well-differentiated thyroid cancer ssociated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and the role of the PI3K/AKT pathway. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 204(5): 764-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.12.037. CrossRef  
  52. Kang D, Kim K, Kim J, Kim S, Kim J, Baik H, Kim Y. High prevalence of RET, RAS, and ERK expression in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and in papillary thyroid carcinoma in the Korean population. Thyroid. 2007; 17(11): 1031-8. CrossRef PubMed
    53.  
  53. Nikiforova M, Caudill C, Biddinger P, Nikiforov Y. Prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinomas. Int J Surg Pathol. 2002; 10: 15-22. CrossRef PubMed
    54.  
  54. Metere A, Chiesa C, Di Cosimo C, Fierro G, Giacomelli L, Pietraforte D. A novel approach to study oxidative stress in thyroid diseases: a preliminary study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012; 16: 646-52.
    55.  
  55. Xing M. Oxidative stress: a new risk factor for thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2012; 19: 7-11. doi: 10,1530 / ERC-11-0360.
    56.  
  56. Karbownik-Lewinska M, Kokoszko-Bilska A. Oxidative damage to macromolecules in the thyroid - experimental evidence. Thyroid Res. 2012; 5: 25. doi: 10,1186 / 1756- 6614-5-25.
    57.  
  57. Martinez V, Vucic E, Pikor L, Thu K, Hubaux R, Lam W. Frequent concerted genetic mechanisms disrupt multiple components of the NRF2 inhibitor KEAP1/CUL3/RBX1 E3-ubiquitin ligase complex in thyroid cancer. Mol Cancer, 2013; 12: 124. doi: 10,1186 / 1476-4598-12-124.
    58.  
  58. Mishunina T, Kalinichenko O, Tron'ko M. Nitric oxide synthase activity and its concentration in the tissue of human thyroid carcinoma. Fiziol Zh. 2016; 62(3): 9-19 [Ukrainian].
    59.  
  59. Azizi G, Keller J, LewisM, Piper K, Puett D, Rivenbark K, Malchoff C. Association of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with thyroid cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2014; 21(6): 845-52. doi: 10,1530 / ERC-14-0258. doi: 10,1530 / ERC-14-0258.
    60.  
  60. Kim E, Lim D, Baek K, Lee J, Kim M, Kwon H, Song K, Kang M, Cha B, Lee K, Son H. Thyroglobulin antibody is associated with increased cancer risk in thyroid nodules. Thyroid. 2010; 20(8): 885-91. doi:10.1089/ thy.2009.0384.
    61.  
  61. Cunha L, Morari E, Guihen A, Razolli D, Gerhard R, Nonogaki S, Soares F, Vassallo J, Ward L. Infiltration of a mixture of immune cells may be related to good prognosis in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol. 2012; 77: 918-25. doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-2265.2012.04482.x.
    62.  
  62. Asioli S, Erickson L, Lloyd R. Solid cell nests in Hashimoto's thyroiditis sharing features with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Endocr Pathol. 2009; 20: 197-203. doi:10.1007 / s12022-009-9095-h.
    63.  
  63. Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Abdulkader I, Pérez-Becerra R, Vázquez-Boquete A, Alberte-Lista L, Ruiz-Ponte C, Forteza J, Sobrinho-Simões M. BRAF mutation in solid cell nest hyperplasia associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma. A precursor lesion? Hum Pathol. 2009; 40: 1029-35. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.11.015. CrossRef  
  64. Yeo M, Bae J, Lee S, Kim M, Lim D, Lee Y, Jung C. The Warthin-Like Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Comparison with Classic Type in the Patients with Coexisting Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Int J Endocrinol. 2015; 2015: 456027. doi: 10.1155/2015/456027. CrossRef  
  65. Rosai J, Cargangiu M, Dellelis R. Tumors of the thyroid gland. Washington. D.C.: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1992.
    66.  
  66. Hrynevych Y, Loboda V, Bendyuh G. The relationship between cytological features of thyroid cancer and endocrine function of thymus and pituitary-thyroid system of the body . Pathology. 2008; 2: 52 [Ukrainian].
    67.  
  67. Jin J, Machekano R, McHenry C. The utility of preoperative serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level for predicting malignant nodular thyroid disease. Am J Surg. 2010; 199: 294-8. doi: 10.1016 / j.amjsurg.2009.08.028.
    68.  
  68. McLeod D, Watters K, Carpenter A, Ladenson P, Cooper D, Ding E. Thyrotropin and thyroid cancer diagnosis: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012; 97: 2682-92. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1083. CrossRef  
  69. Takahashi M, Saenko V, Rogounovitch T, Kawaguchi T, Drozd V, Takigawa-Imamura H, Akulevich N, Ratanajaraya C, Mitsutake N, Takamura N, Danilova L, Lushchik M, Demidchik Y, Heath S, Yamada R, Lathrop M, Matsuda F, Yamashita S. The FOXE1 locus is a major genetic determinant for radiation-related thyroid carcinoma in Chernobyl. Hum Mol Genet. 2010; 19: 2516-23. doi: 10,1093 / HMG / ddq123.
    70.  
  70. Mukasa K, Noh J, Kunii Y Matsumoto M, Sato S, Yasuda S, Suzuki M, Ito K, Ito K. Prevalence of malignant tumors and adenomatous lesions detected by ultrasonographic screening in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid. 2011; 21: 37–41. doi: 10.1089/thy.2010.0050. CrossRef  
  71. Arif S, Blanes A, Diaz-Cano S. Hashimoto's thyroiditis shares features with early papillary thyroid carcinoma. Histopathology. 2002; 41: 357–62. CrossRef PubMed
    72.  
  72. Khachatryan A. The combination of cancer of the thyroid gland with autoimmune thyroiditis Hashimoto. Problems of theoretical and clinical medicine. 2012; 2. Available: http:.www.med-practic.com.
    73.  
  73. Huang B, Hseuh C, Chao T, Lin K, Lin J. Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma with concomitant Hashimoto's thyroiditis present with less aggressive clinical stage and low recurrence. Endocr Pathol. 2011; 22(3): 144-9. doi:10.1007/s12022-011-9164-9. CrossRef  
  74. De Pasquale L, Sommaruga L, Andreani S, Bastagli A. Hashimoto's thyroiditis and medullary carcinoma in the same gland: a purely random occurrence? Chir Ital. 2004; 56(4): 557-62.
    75.  
  75. Grivennikov S, Greten F, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell. 2010; 140: 883-99. doi: 10.1016 / j.cell.2010.01.025.
    76.  
  76. Mishunina T, Kalinichenko O, Tron'ko M, Zurnadzhi L, Statsenko O. Mitochondrial and postmitochondrial mechanisms of apoptosis in thyroid tissue under conditions of its lymphoid infiltration or signs of chronic thyroiditis. Endocrinologia. 2009; 14(1): 48-56 [Ukrainian].
© National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, 2014-2024.