The brief history of creation and basic stages of development of the largest centre of science of the country and global physiological science A.A. Bogomolets Institute of physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is stated. The basic achievements of scientific divisions of Institute for the 70-year’s period in area of the most urgent problems of molecular physiology, neurophysiology, physiology of visceral systems are marked. Is covered many-sided and versatile scientific and publishing activity of the employees of Institute, the role of the outstanding scientists physiologists and biophysicists of Institute in formation of national scientific schools is shown.