Increase in blood glucose is accompanied by NO-dependent dilatation in the vessels of both systemic and pulmonary circulation and an increase the blood concentration of endothelin. The increase in blood endothelin levels in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) correlates with hyperglycemia and HbA1c level as well as with the oxidative stress. In the systemic circulation, there is a significant increase in the expression of endothelin mRNA receptors of all types, but in the lungs, the overexpression of type A receptor predominates and only a slight increase in expression of type B receptor occurs. The content of arachidonic acid and its metabolites with resulting responses of the vessels are significantly altered in the circulatory in diabetes mellitus. The formation and excretion of constrictor compounds is enhanced, and the number of vasorelaxants is reduced. Data on changes in the concentration and effect on the reaction of vessels of hydroperoxyecososetraenoic acids and lipoxin A4 are absent under the conditions of the DM. The diabetes influence on the ion channels in the pulmonary arteries needs to be studied. It has been demonstrated that diabetes does not affect KV protein expression in these vessels but suppresses the corresponding current. It has been shown that TRPM channel expression in the lung vessels is decreased in diabetes, but their activation due to ROS is significantly increased. Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus may be responsible for changes in the pulmonary circulation and may provoke pulmonary vascular disturbances.